Laws of physics must be mathematically consistent, but they are not proven mathematically. They are indeed not proven at all, ever. They can only be potentially disproven. All theories are subject to disproof if an exception is found experimentally.

Newton proposed a simple mathematical relationship for describing dynamics. He made no pretense that he could provide a deeper explanation for why they worked other than careful experiments showed they did. In his words, “I make no hypothesis” in regard to such things. That has been the template for the physical sciences ever since. Newton invented modern physics.

Incidentally, Newtonian mechanics has long been shown to be only an approximation for big slow moving things, although an extremely useful one since we ourselves are so big and slow moving. You can legitimately say, then, that Newton has already be proven wrong, at least for fast and small things.

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